Spelling challenges in written Khoekhoegowab

Proposals for orthographic reforms

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56285/jltVol60iss1a6927

Keywords:

Khoekhoegowab, social media, modern technology, orthography

Abstract

It has been recognized that spelling reforms are inevitable so even languages with a long history of writing have had to modify or change their spelling system to enhance literacy.  The problem of how to write Khoekhoegowab has been an ongoing concern for decades. Using Key informant interviews, and document analysis involving a grade 9 school textbook, a Facebook social media page called Naman ǁkhoab, a Social Security Commission booklet, a Ministry of Health Booklet, and Google Maps, the paper examines the challenges faced by  Khoekhoegowab writers using the current spelling writing system.  The document analysis showed that some symbols were not available or were hard to access on the keyboards. This resulted in people using random symbols or none to depict specific sounds with negative implications for meaning-making and literacy practices in Khoekhoegowab. These results were largely confirmed by interviews with key informants who among other things indicated difficulties writing click consonants and the marking on vowels to indicate nasalization. The article ends with a discussion of possible solutions to these challenges.

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Author Biographies

Niklaas Fredericks, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Namibia

Prof. Niklaas J. Fredericks is an Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Communication and Languages in the Faculty of Commerce, Human Sciences and Education at the Namibia University of Science and Technology. He is also a Research Associate in the Faculty of Humanities at Sol Plaatje University. His research interests include sociolinguistics and Khoisan linguistics, with a particular focus on phonetics and phonology. He has contributed to the field of Khoesan languages for over 16 years, during which he has been involved in the development of orthographies for several Khoe and San languages.

Felix Banda, University of the Western Cape, South Africa

Prof. Felix Banda is a Senior Professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of the Western Cape. His research interests lie at the intersection of language as social practice, multicultural and multilingual material culture, and the discursive construction of identities in society and education; the semiotics of corporate identity branding and advertising, youth and hip hop cultures, semiotic landscapes, multimodal critical pedagogies, and the educational implications of the morpho-phonology of African languages for transnational and Pan-African orthography design and reform.

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Published

2026-06-29

How to Cite

Fredericks, N., & Banda, F. (2026). Spelling challenges in written Khoekhoegowab: Proposals for orthographic reforms. Journal for Language Teaching , 60(1), Article 6927. https://doi.org/10.56285/jltVol60iss1a6927

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